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(held by partner)

  • 1 treu

    I Adj. (beständig, anhänglich) faithful (+ Dat to); (treu gesinnt) loyal (to); (ergeben) devoted (to); Kunde etc.: loyal, long-standing; Blick: innocent, guileless, trusting; treuer Freund loyal ( oder faithful oder true) friend; treue Augen einer Person: honest eyes; eines Hundes: (big,) faithful ( oder trusting) eyes; nicht treu sein Partner: be unfaithful; er war nicht immer treu he wasn’t always faithful; jemandem treu bleiben be faithful to s.o.; eine treue Seele umg. a good ( oder decent) soul; sich (Dat)/ seinen Grundsätzen treu bleiben remain true to o.s. / one’s principles; seinem Entschluss treu bleiben stick to ( oder by) one’s decision; sich (Dat) immer selbst treu geblieben sein have always been one’s own person, have always stuck to one’s principles; der Erfolg ist ihm treu geblieben success did not desert him, he enjoyed continued success; zu treuen Händen übergeben hand s.o. (oder s.th.) over for safekeeping, leave s.o. (oder s.th.) in good hands; für treue Dienste for loyal ( oder faithful) service
    II Adv. faithfully etc.; treu ergeben loyal, devoted (+ Dat to); jemandem treu ergeben sein be (utterly) devoted to s.o.; treu sorgend devoted; treu und brav umg. faithfully; er hat seiner Firma treu gedient he served his company well ( oder wholeheartedly)
    * * *
    devoted; true; stalwart; staunch; constant; faithful; unfailing; loyal; trusty
    * * *
    [trɔy]
    1. adj
    Freund, Sohn, Kunde etc loyal; Diener auch devoted; Seele auch, Hund, Gatte etc faithful; Abbild true; Gedenken respectful; (= treuherzig) trusting; Miene innocent

    jdm in tréúer Liebe verbunden sein — to be bound to sb by loyalty and love

    jdm tréú sein/bleiben — to be/remain faithful to sb

    selbst tréú bleiben — to be true to oneself

    seinen Grundsätzen tréú bleiben — to stick to or remain true to one's principles

    der Erfolg ist ihr tréú geblieben — success kept coming her way

    das Glück ist ihr tréú geblieben — her luck held (out)

    tréú wie Gold — faithful and loyal; (Diener etc auch) faithful as a dog

    dein tréúer Freund (old) — yours truly

    jdm etw zu tréúen Händen übergeben — to give sth to sb for safekeeping

    2. adv
    faithfully; dienen auch loyally; sorgen devotedly; (= treuherzig) trustingly; ansehen innocently

    tréú ergeben — devoted, loyal, faithful

    jdm tréú ergeben sein — to be loyally devoted to sb

    tréú sorgend — devoted

    tréú und brav (Erwachsener) — dutifully; (Kind) like a good boy/girl, as good as gold

    * * *
    2) (faithful: a loyal friend.) loyal
    4) (faithful: He remained constant.) constant
    5) (loyal and true; not changing: a faithful friend; faithful to his promise.) faithful
    7) ((negative untrue) faithful; loyal: He has been a true friend.) true
    * * *
    [trɔy]
    I. adj
    1. (loyal) loyal, faithful
    \treue Dienste/Mitarbeit loyal service/assistance
    \treu ergeben devoted
    ▪ jdm \treu sein/bleiben to be/remain loyal [or faithful] to sb
    etw dat \treu bleiben to remain true to a thing
    sich dat selbst \treu bleiben to remain true to oneself
    ▪ [jdm] \treu sein/bleiben to be/remain faithful [to sb]
    ich weiß, dass mein Mann mir \treu ist I know my husband is [or has been] faithful to me
    4. (treuherzig) trusting
    ▪ jdm \treu bleiben to continue for sb
    der Erfolg blieb ihm \treu his success continued
    hoffentlich bleibt dir das Glück auch weiterhin treu hopefully your luck will continue to hold [out]; s.a. Gold
    II. adv
    1. (loyal) loyally
    2. (treuherzig) trustingly, trustfully
    * * *
    1.
    1) faithful, loyal <friend, dog, customer, servant, etc.>; faithful <husband, wife>; loyal <ally, subject>; staunch, loyal < supporter>

    jemandem treu sein/bleiben — be/remain true to somebody

    2) (fig.)

    sich selbst (Dat.) treu bleiben — be true to oneself

    das Glück/der Erfolg ist ihm treu geblieben — his luck has held out/success keeps coming his way

    3) (ugs.): (treuherzig) ingenuous, trusting <eyes, look>
    2.
    1) faithfully; loyally
    2) (ugs.): (treuherzig) trustingly
    * * *
    A. adj (beständig, anhänglich) faithful (+dat to); (treu gesinnt) loyal (to); (ergeben) devoted (to); Kunde etc: loyal, long-standing; Blick: innocent, guileless, trusting;
    treuer Freund loyal ( oder faithful oder true) friend;
    treue Augen einer Person: honest eyes; eines Hundes: (big,) faithful ( oder trusting) eyes;
    nicht treu sein Partner: be unfaithful;
    er war nicht immer treu he wasn’t always faithful;
    jemandem treu bleiben be faithful to sb;
    eine treue Seele umg a good ( oder decent) soul;
    sich (dat)
    /seinen Grundsätzen treu bleiben remain true to o.s./one’s principles;
    seinem Entschluss treu bleiben stick to ( oder by) one’s decision;
    sich (dat)
    immer selbst treu geblieben sein have always been one’s own person, have always stuck to one’s principles;
    der Erfolg ist ihm treu geblieben success did not desert him, he enjoyed continued success;
    zu treuen Händen übergeben hand sb (oder sth) over for safekeeping, leave sb (oder sth) in good hands;
    für treue Dienste for loyal ( oder faithful) service
    B. adv faithfully etc;
    treu ergeben loyal, devoted (+dat to);
    jemandem treu ergeben sein be (utterly) devoted to sb;
    treu sorgend devoted;
    treu und brav umg faithfully;
    er hat seiner Firma treu gedient he served his company well ( oder wholeheartedly)
    …treu im adj
    1. im wörtl Sinn:
    moskautreu loyal ( oder sympathetic) to Moscow, in the Moscow camp;
    NATO-treu loyal ( oder sympathetic) to NATO
    formtreu warp-resistant;
    texttreu faithful (to the text), accurate
    * * *
    1.
    1) faithful, loyal <friend, dog, customer, servant, etc.>; faithful <husband, wife>; loyal <ally, subject>; staunch, loyal < supporter>

    jemandem treu sein/bleiben — be/remain true to somebody

    2) (fig.)

    sich selbst (Dat.) treu bleiben — be true to oneself

    das Glück/der Erfolg ist ihm treu geblieben — his luck has held out/success keeps coming his way

    3) (ugs.): (treuherzig) ingenuous, trusting <eyes, look>
    2.
    1) faithfully; loyally
    2) (ugs.): (treuherzig) trustingly
    * * *
    adj.
    faithful (to) adj.
    loyal (to) adj.
    true adj.
    trusty adj. adv.
    abidingly adv.
    faithfully adv.
    faithfully n.
    loyally n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > treu

  • 2 ortak

    "1. partner; associate. 2. accomplice. 3. common, held in common, shared. 4. fellow wife (in a polygamous household). - etmek /ı/ to make (someone) a partner, take (someone) on as a partner. - olmak 1. /a/ to participate in, share in. 2. /la/ to become a partner with; to become partners. - ölçülmez sayılar math. incommensurable numbers. - ölçülür sayılar math. commensurable numbers. O- Pazar the Common Market. - tam bölen math. common divisor, common factor."

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > ortak

  • 3 Treu

    I Adj. (beständig, anhänglich) faithful (+ Dat to); (treu gesinnt) loyal (to); (ergeben) devoted (to); Kunde etc.: loyal, long-standing; Blick: innocent, guileless, trusting; treuer Freund loyal ( oder faithful oder true) friend; treue Augen einer Person: honest eyes; eines Hundes: (big,) faithful ( oder trusting) eyes; nicht treu sein Partner: be unfaithful; er war nicht immer treu he wasn’t always faithful; jemandem treu bleiben be faithful to s.o.; eine treue Seele umg. a good ( oder decent) soul; sich (Dat)/ seinen Grundsätzen treu bleiben remain true to o.s. / one’s principles; seinem Entschluss treu bleiben stick to ( oder by) one’s decision; sich (Dat) immer selbst treu geblieben sein have always been one’s own person, have always stuck to one’s principles; der Erfolg ist ihm treu geblieben success did not desert him, he enjoyed continued success; zu treuen Händen übergeben hand s.o. (oder s.th.) over for safekeeping, leave s.o. (oder s.th.) in good hands; für treue Dienste for loyal ( oder faithful) service
    II Adv. faithfully etc.; treu ergeben loyal, devoted (+ Dat to); jemandem treu ergeben sein be (utterly) devoted to s.o.; treu sorgend devoted; treu und brav umg. faithfully; er hat seiner Firma treu gedient he served his company well ( oder wholeheartedly)
    * * *
    devoted; true; stalwart; staunch; constant; faithful; unfailing; loyal; trusty
    * * *
    [trɔy]
    1. adj
    Freund, Sohn, Kunde etc loyal; Diener auch devoted; Seele auch, Hund, Gatte etc faithful; Abbild true; Gedenken respectful; (= treuherzig) trusting; Miene innocent

    jdm in tréúer Liebe verbunden sein — to be bound to sb by loyalty and love

    jdm tréú sein/bleiben — to be/remain faithful to sb

    selbst tréú bleiben — to be true to oneself

    seinen Grundsätzen tréú bleiben — to stick to or remain true to one's principles

    der Erfolg ist ihr tréú geblieben — success kept coming her way

    das Glück ist ihr tréú geblieben — her luck held (out)

    tréú wie Gold — faithful and loyal; (Diener etc auch) faithful as a dog

    dein tréúer Freund (old) — yours truly

    jdm etw zu tréúen Händen übergeben — to give sth to sb for safekeeping

    2. adv
    faithfully; dienen auch loyally; sorgen devotedly; (= treuherzig) trustingly; ansehen innocently

    tréú ergeben — devoted, loyal, faithful

    jdm tréú ergeben sein — to be loyally devoted to sb

    tréú sorgend — devoted

    tréú und brav (Erwachsener) — dutifully; (Kind) like a good boy/girl, as good as gold

    * * *
    2) (faithful: a loyal friend.) loyal
    4) (faithful: He remained constant.) constant
    5) (loyal and true; not changing: a faithful friend; faithful to his promise.) faithful
    7) ((negative untrue) faithful; loyal: He has been a true friend.) true
    * * *
    [trɔy]
    I. adj
    1. (loyal) loyal, faithful
    \treue Dienste/Mitarbeit loyal service/assistance
    \treu ergeben devoted
    ▪ jdm \treu sein/bleiben to be/remain loyal [or faithful] to sb
    etw dat \treu bleiben to remain true to a thing
    sich dat selbst \treu bleiben to remain true to oneself
    ▪ [jdm] \treu sein/bleiben to be/remain faithful [to sb]
    ich weiß, dass mein Mann mir \treu ist I know my husband is [or has been] faithful to me
    4. (treuherzig) trusting
    ▪ jdm \treu bleiben to continue for sb
    der Erfolg blieb ihm \treu his success continued
    hoffentlich bleibt dir das Glück auch weiterhin treu hopefully your luck will continue to hold [out]; s.a. Gold
    II. adv
    1. (loyal) loyally
    2. (treuherzig) trustingly, trustfully
    * * *
    1.
    1) faithful, loyal <friend, dog, customer, servant, etc.>; faithful <husband, wife>; loyal <ally, subject>; staunch, loyal < supporter>

    jemandem treu sein/bleiben — be/remain true to somebody

    2) (fig.)

    sich selbst (Dat.) treu bleiben — be true to oneself

    das Glück/der Erfolg ist ihm treu geblieben — his luck has held out/success keeps coming his way

    3) (ugs.): (treuherzig) ingenuous, trusting <eyes, look>
    2.
    1) faithfully; loyally
    2) (ugs.): (treuherzig) trustingly
    * * *
    Treu f:
    Treu und Glauben JUR equity;
    auf Treu und Glauben in good faith, on trust;
    meiner Treu! obs my word!
    * * *
    1.
    1) faithful, loyal <friend, dog, customer, servant, etc.>; faithful <husband, wife>; loyal <ally, subject>; staunch, loyal < supporter>

    jemandem treu sein/bleiben — be/remain true to somebody

    2) (fig.)

    sich selbst (Dat.) treu bleiben — be true to oneself

    das Glück/der Erfolg ist ihm treu geblieben — his luck has held out/success keeps coming his way

    3) (ugs.): (treuherzig) ingenuous, trusting <eyes, look>
    2.
    1) faithfully; loyally
    2) (ugs.): (treuherzig) trustingly
    * * *
    adj.
    faithful (to) adj.
    loyal (to) adj.
    true adj.
    trusty adj. adv.
    abidingly adv.
    faithfully adv.
    faithfully n.
    loyally n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Treu

  • 4 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1 January 1815 Calverly Hall, Bradford, England
    d. 2 February 1906 Swinton Park, near Bradford, England
    [br]
    English inventor of successful wool-combing and waste-silk spinning machines.
    [br]
    Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.
    His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.
    In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created 1st Baron Masham 1891.
    Bibliography
    1849, with G.E.Donisthorpe, British patent no. 12,712. 1850, with G.E. Donisthorpe, British patent no. 13,009. 1851, British patent no. 13,532.
    1852, British patent no. 14,135.
    1877, British patent no. 3,600 (combing machine). 1868, British patent no. 470.
    1868, British patent no. 2,386.
    1868, British patent no. 2,429.
    1868, British patent no. 3,669.
    1868, British patent no. 1,549.
    1871, with J.Reixach, British patent no. 1,117. 1905, Lord Masham's Inventions (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    J.Hogg (ed.), c. 1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (biography).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both cover the technical details of Lister's invention).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

  • 5 Firma

    Firma f (Fa.) GEN business, business enterprise, company, (BE) Co., corporation, (AE) corp., establishment, firm • eine gut gehende Firma FIN, MGT a going concern
    * * *
    f (Fa.) < Geschäft> business, business enterprise, company (Co. BE), corporation (corp. AE), establishment, firm
    * * *
    Firma
    firm, business, concern, commercial (business) house, enterprise, establishment, company, (Firmenname) style, business, [trade] name;
    • unter der Firma under the firm (style) of;
    • abonnierende Firma subscriber firm;
    • abwickelnde Firma firm in liquidation;
    • alte Firma long-established firm;
    • alteingesessene Firma old- (well-) established firm;
    • angeschriebene Firma addressee firm;
    • angesehene Firma renowned (respectable) firm, house of good standing;
    • ausstellende Firma exhibiting company;
    • bedeutende Firma leading (important) firm (house);
    • im Familienbesitz befindliche Firma family-held company;
    • in Liquidation befindliche Firma firm in liquidation;
    • befreundete Firma business connection (correspondent);
    • weltweit bekannte Firma world-renowned firm;
    • Eigenwerbung betreibende Firma self-advertiser;
    • Geschäftswerbung betreibende Firma business advertiser;
    • Rundfunkwerbung betreibende Firma commercial sponsor, radio advertiser;
    • bezogene Firma drawee;
    • gut eingeführte Firma well-established house;
    • unternehmerisch eingestellte Firma enterprising business firm;
    • stärker ins Rüstungsgeschäft eingestiegene Firma more military-oriented firm;
    • handelsgerichtlich eingetragene Firma registered (incorporated) company (Br.);
    • nicht eingetragene Firma unincorporated business;
    • erloschene Firma dissolved (defunct, extinct) firm;
    • erstklassige Firma first-class (-rate) firm;
    • frühere Firma old firm;
    • führende Firma leading firm;
    • gut fundierte Firma sound business house;
    • gut gehende Firma flourishing concern;
    • im Handelsregister gelöschte Firma extinct firm;
    • Ihre geschätzte Firma your esteemed firm;
    • gesunde Firma sound business house;
    • Kredit aufnehmende Firma corporate borrower;
    • kreditwürdige Firma sound business house;
    • mittelgroße Firma medium-sized business;
    • Not leidende Firma ailing firm;
    • ortsansässige Firma locally owned company;
    • preisbestimmende Firma price setter;
    • preisunterbietende Firma price cutter;
    • reelle Firma reliable (respectable) firm;
    • gut renommierte Firma firm of good repute;
    • selbstständige Firma independent firm;
    • seriöse Firma respectable firm;
    • solide Firma reliable firm, solid business, sound business house, house of good standing;
    • hoch technisierte Firma high-tech firm;
    • überprüfte Firma surveyed firm;
    • unabhängige Firma independent firm;
    • unsolide Firma firm of speculators, unreliable firm, wildcat business house;
    • untersuchte Firma surveyed firm;
    • unzuverlässige Firma shaky (unreliable) firm;
    • vertrauenswürdige Firma reliable firm;
    • virtuelle Firma virtual company;
    • zahlungsfähige Firma sound business house, solvent merchant;
    • zahlungsunfähige Firma failed firm (US);
    • zuverlässige Firma reliable firm;
    • Firma mit erheblichem Geschäftsvolumen firms with significant trade;
    • Firma mit breit gestreutem Produktionsprogramm multiple product firm;
    • Firma mit vollem Sortiment full-line company;
    • Firma mit zugelassenem Werksverkehr C-firm (Br.);
    • bei einer Firma ankommen to find employment with a firm;
    • Geschäftsbeziehungen zu einer Firma aufnehmen to get in with a firm;
    • aus einer Firma ausscheiden to retire from a firm, to withdraw from a company;
    • Inkassodienst für eine Firma besorgen to effect the collection of a firm;
    • sich an einer Firma beteiligen to take an interest in a firm;
    • Firma unter seinem eigenen Namen betreiben to trade under one’s own name;
    • neue Ideen in einer Firma zum Tragen bringen to introduce new ideas into a business;
    • als Teilhaber in eine Firma eintreten to enter a firm as partner, to join a firm as an associate (a partner);
    • Firma fortführen to carry on a business;
    • Firma führen to trade under the style;
    • Artikel bei einer Firma in Auftrag geben to place an order for an article with a firm;
    • Firma gründen to bring a firm into existence;
    • neue Firma gründen to set up a new firm;
    • Firma aus den roten Zahlen herausführen to administer a company from red to black (US coll.);
    • Firma herunterwirtschaften to let a firm down;
    • Firma mit der Kundschaft kaufen to buy the goodwill of a house;
    • Firma handelsgerichtlich eintragen lassen to have a firm entered in the register of companies, to register a company;
    • Firma leiten to manage a firm;
    • Firma liquidieren to liquidate (wind up) a company;
    • Firma im Handelsregister löschen to take a company off the books;
    • Firma gewinnträchtiger machen to put a company on a more profitable road;
    • Firma sanieren to reorganize a company;
    • kleinere Firma schlucken to gobble up a company;
    • an einer Firma hälftig beteiligt sein to have a half interest in a firm;
    • unter einer Firma Handel treiben to trade under the name (style) of;
    • Firma übernehmen to take over a business;
    • Firma in eine Aktiengesellschaft umwandeln to turn a firm into a joint stock company;
    • Firma durch Zeichnung des Firmennamens verpflichten to bind a firm by signing the firm’s name;
    • Firma vertreten to travel for (represent) a firm, to agent;
    • Firma weiterführen to carry on a business;
    • unter seiner handelsgerichtlichen Firma verklagt werden to be sued in its corporate name;
    • für eine Firma zeichnen to sign on behalf of a firm.
    hochbringen, Firma
    to work a business;
    • Geschäft hochbringen to make a concern going;
    • künstlich hochbringen (Industrie) to spoon-feed;
    • Produktion hochbringen to whip up production.
    zugrunde richten, Firma
    to ruin a firm;
    • Industriezweige zugrunde richten to prostrate industries;
    • Konkurrenzbetrieb zugrunde richten to do for a rival company.

    Business german-english dictionary > Firma

  • 6 Gesellschaft

    Gesellschaft f 1. GEN association, society (Vereinigung); company, Co.; 2. RECHT company; partnership (Personengesellschaft); (AE) corporation (Kapitalgesellschaft); 3. WIWI company • eine Gesellschaft auf Matrixmanagement umstellen GEN go matrix • eine (Personen-)Gesellschaft gründen GEN form a partnership, set up a partnership, establish a partnership
    * * *
    f 1. < Geschäft> association, company (Co.), society; 2. < Recht> Vertragsrecht company; 3. <Vw> company (Co.) ■ eine Gesellschaft auf Matrixmanagement umstellen < Geschäft> go matrix ■ eine Gesellschaft gründen < Geschäft> form a partnership, set up a partnership, establish a partnership
    * * *
    Gesellschaft
    (Handelsgesellschaft) company, corporation (US), (Teilhaberschaft) partnership firm, [co]partnership, (Vereinigung) society, association, union, fellowship;
    • abgewickelte Gesellschaft dissolved company;
    • abhängige Gesellschaft controlled (underlying, US) company, subsidiary company (corporation, US);
    • angegliederte Gesellschaft associated (related) company (Br.), affiliated corporation (US), affiliate;
    • Kapital anlegende Gesellschaft investor company;
    • geographisch aufgegliederte Gesellschaft multidivision corporation (US);
    • aufgelöste Gesellschaft dissolved company (corporation, US), company wound up, defunct company;
    • aufnehmende Gesellschaft (Fusion) absorbing company;
    • nicht auf den Betrieb eines Handelsunternehmens ausgerichtete Gesellschaft non-trading company;
    • mit zu geringem Eigenkapital ausgestattete Gesellschaft equity-starved company;
    • ausländische (auswärtige) Gesellschaft foreign (alien) corporation (US), alien (overseas, Br.) company;
    • ausschüttende Gesellschaft dividend-paying company;
    • Verlustausgleich beantragende Gesellschaft claimant company;
    • befreundete Gesellschaft corresponding company, correspondent;
    • im Wandel begriffene Gesellschaft changing society;
    • beherrschende Gesellschaft controlling company;
    • beklagte Gesellschaft defendant company (corporation);
    • aus mehreren Personen bestehende Gesellschaft corporation aggregate (US);
    • beteiligte Gesellschaft participating company;
    • privatwirtschaftlich betriebene Gesellschaft privately held company;
    • nur in Schablonen denkende Gesellschaft punched-card society;
    • einbringende Gesellschaft (Fusion) vendor company;
    • fortschrittlich eingestellte Gesellschaft forward-looking company;
    • handelsgerichtlich eingetragene Gesellschaft registered(incorporated) company (Br.), registered corporation (US);
    • nicht im Handelsregister eingetragene Gesellschaft unregistered corporation (US) (company, Br.);
    • emittierende Gesellschaft issuing company;
    • enteignete Gesellschaft dispossessed (condemned, US) company;
    • Gewinnabführungsbeträge entgegennehmende Gesellschaft claimant company;
    • neu entstandene Gesellschaft resultant (newly formed) company;
    • durch Simultangründung entstandene Gesellschaft non-prospectus company (Br.);
    • erlesene Gesellschaft select company;
    • im Handelsregister erloschene Gesellschaft defunct company;
    • fehlerhaft errichtete Gesellschaft defective company;
    • ordnungsgemäß errichtete Gesellschaft de jure corporation (US);
    • exklusive Gesellschaft exclusive social circles;
    • federführende Gesellschaft pilot company;
    • fortbestehende Gesellschaft standing company;
    • äußerst freizügige Gesellschaft permissive society;
    • fusionierende Gesellschaft merger company, consolidated corporation (US);
    • fusionierte Gesellschaft merged company;
    • ordnungsgemäß gegründete Gesellschaft de jure corporation (US);
    • aus Steuergründen vorübergehend gegründete Gesellschaft collapsible corporation (US);
    • für einen besonderen Zweck gegründete Gesellschaft special partnership;
    • gut geleitete Gesellschaft well-managed company;
    • im Handelsregister gelöschte Gesellschaft defunct company;
    • gemeinnützige Gesellschaft nonprofit[-making] (public-serivce) company, benevolent (membership, US, nonprofit, US, public utility) corporation;
    • geschlossene Gesellschaft private party (company), club;
    • Gewinn abführende Gesellschaft surrendering company;
    • halbstaatliche Gesellschaft semigovernmental corporation (US);
    • Handel treibende Gesellschaft commercial partnership;
    • herrschende Gesellschaft controlling company;
    • integrative Gesellschaft integrated society;
    • [nicht] konsolidierte Gesellschaft [non-]consolidated company;
    • kontrollierende Gesellschaft proprietary (US) (controlling) company;
    • konzessionierte Gesellschaft licensed company;
    • leoninische Gesellschaft leonine partnership;
    • an der Grenze der Rentabilität liegende Gesellschaft marginal company;
    • liquidierte Gesellschaft dissolved company;
    • mittelständische Gesellschaft middle-class society;
    • nachindustrielle Gesellschaft postindustrial society;
    • nahe stehende Gesellschaft associated company (Br.), affiliated corporation (US);
    • Not leidende Gesellschaft company in default;
    • öffentlich-rechtliche Gesellschaft public company (corporation, US);
    • privatrechtliche Gesellschaft private corporation (US);
    • rechtsfähige Gesellschaft incorporated (registered) company (Br.), corporation de jure (US);
    • nicht rechtsfähige Gesellschaft corporation de facto (US), unincorporated (unregistered) company (Br.);
    • rückversicherte Gesellschaft reinsured carrier;
    • sanierte Gesellschaft reorganized company (corporation) (US), reconstructed company (corporation);
    • staatliche Gesellschaft government company;
    • stille Gesellschaft dormant (secret, silent, US) partnership;
    • stillgelegte Gesellschaft defunct company (Br.);
    • effektiv tätige Gesellschaft operating company;
    • treuhänderisch tätige Gesellschaft corporation acting as trustee;
    • übernehmende Gesellschaft (Fusion) surviving (transferee) company;
    • übertragende Gesellschaft (Fusion) transferor company;
    • unseriöse Gesellschaft dubious (wildcat) company;
    • veräußernde Gesellschaft vendor company;
    • verpachtende Gesellschaft lessor company;
    • verschachtelte Gesellschaften interrelated companies;
    • verstaatlichte Gesellschaft nationalized company;
    • vertrauenswürdige Gesellschaft reliable firm;
    • vorgeschobene Gesellschaft dummy corporation (US);
    • wissensbasierte Gesellschaft knowledge-based society;
    • zugelassene Gesellschaft chartered corporation;
    • Gesellschaft zur Absatzfinanzierung sales-finance company;
    • Gesellschaft, deren Aktien an der Börse gehandelt werden quoted company;
    • Gesellschaft in Arbeitnehmerhand employee-owned company;
    • Gesellschaft zur Aufbewahrung von Wertgegenständen safe company (US);
    • Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) [etwa] Performing Rights Society (Br.);
    • Gesellschaft ohne Ausgrenzung inclusive society;
    • Gesellschaft mit öffentlich-rechtlichen Befugnissen quasi-public company (corporation, US);
    • Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung des Wettbewerbs Council of Better Business Bureaus;
    • Gesellschaft mit Dividendenbeschränkung limited-dividend corporation (US);
    • Gesellschaft zur Erschließung von Baugelände industrial development company, development concern (US);
    • Gesellschaft zur Finanzierung der Viehzucht cattle-loan company;
    • Gesellschaft zur Finanzierung von Warenkrediten commercial credit company;
    • Gesellschaft an der Grenze der Rentabilität marginal company;
    • Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH) [etwa] exempt private (limited) company (Br.), a type of close corporation under German law (US), limited liability company, Br., corporation (US);
    • Gesellschaft zur Leitung eines öffentlichen Versorgungsbetriebes public service corporation (US);
    • Gesellschaft der Luftfrachtagenten society of air cargo agents;
    • Gesellschaft mit begrenztem Mitgliederkreis close company (Br.) (corporation, US);
    • Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Nachschusspflicht company limited by guarantee (Br.);
    • Gesellschaft mit breit gestreutem Produktionsprogramm diversified company (corporation, US);
    • Gesellschaft des bürgerlichen Rechts [etwa] partnership at will, non-trading partnership, civil (unlimited) corporation (US);
    • Gesellschaft kraft Rechtsscheins partnership by estoppel (Br.);
    • Gesellschaft in ausschließlichem Schachtelbesitz wholly-owned corporation (US)
    • Gesellschaft auflösen to liquidate a company, to dissolve a business company, to wind up a company (partnership);
    • aus einer Gesellschaft austreten to take one’s name off the books, to withdraw from a society;
    • einer Gesellschaft als Mitglied beitreten to affiliate o. s. to (with) a society, to enter a society;
    • seine Arbeitskraft in eine Gesellschaft einbringen to contribute one’s services to a company;
    • Gesellschaft handelsgerichtlich eintragen to register (incorporate) a company;
    • in eine Gesellschaft als Teilhaber eintreten to enter a company as partner;
    • Gesellschaft errichten to establish a company, to create a corporation (US);
    • zwei Gesellschaften fusionieren to unite two companies;
    • Gesellschaft gründen to establish a partnership, to incorporate (float, Br., found, form, promote, set up, start) a company, to create a corporation (US);
    • Gesellschaft aus den roten Zahlen herausführen to administer a company from red to black (US coll.);
    • Gesellschaft nicht verpflichten können to have no power to bind a company;
    • Gesellschaft lancieren to promote a company;
    • Gesellschaft im Handelsregister löschen [lassen] to withdraw partnership registration;
    • jem. Gesellschaft leisten to keep s. o. company;
    • Gesellschaft leiten to manage a firm;
    • Gesellschaft liquidieren to dissolve a business company (partnership), to liquidate (wind up) a company;
    • als Gesellschaft prozessieren to sue in its corporate name;
    • Gesellschaft ins Leben rufen to institute a society;
    • Finanzen einer Gesellschaft sanieren to rehabilitate a company financially, to reconstruct (reorganize) a company;
    • an verschiedenen Gesellschaften beteiligt sein to have holdings in several companies;
    • mit 100.000 Dollar an einer Gesellschaft beteiligt sein to have an interest of $ 100,000 in a company;
    • Gesellschaft schon vor Zahlung der Steuern in die roten Zahlen treiben to drive a company into the red at the pretax level;
    • Gesellschaft übernehmen to take over a company;
    • Gesellschaft nur nominell übertragen to transfer a company on paper;
    • in eine Gesellschaft umwandeln to form into a company;
    • Abend in Gesellschaft verbringen to spend a social evening;
    • Gesellschaft verklagen to prosecute a company;
    • in eine Gesellschaft aufgenommen werden to be admitted into a company.
    umgliedern (umgründen), Gesellschaft
    to reorganize a company.
    Gesellschaft, deren Aktien an der Börse gehandelt werden
    quoted company

    Business german-english dictionary > Gesellschaft

  • 7 Hollande, François

       born 1954.
       Candidate of the French Socialist Party for the 2012 presidential election. He defeated runner-up Martine Aubry in the second round of an unofficial "primary" for the designation of the socialist candidate.
       French Socialist politician. A graduate of HEC business school and of theENA school of administration, Hollande worked at the Cour des Comptesbefore becoming elected as a député for the Corrèze - the same department as Jacques Chirac - in 1988. In 1997 he was elected first secretary of the Socialist Party, a most he held until 2008. At the time he was considered as rather a soft-liner, the rather dull partner of Ségolène Royale, by whom he has four children.
       However since Hollande and Royale split up, and Hollande was ousted from the leadership of the Socialist party, he has staged a considerable comeback, building an image as a serious candidate with whom the French economy would be in safe hands.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Hollande, François

  • 8 Adams, William Bridges

    [br]
    b. 1797 Madeley, Staffordshire, England
    d. 23 July 1872 Broadstairs, Kent, England
    [br]
    English inventory particularly of road and rail vehicles and their equipment.
    [br]
    Ill health forced Adams to live abroad when he was a young man and when he returned to England in the early 1830s he became a partner in his father's firm of coachbuilders. Coaches during that period were steered by a centrally pivoted front axle, which meant that the front wheels had to swing beneath the body and were therefore made smaller than the rear wheels. Adams considered this design defective and invented equirotal coaches, built by his firm, in which the front and rear wheels were of equal diameter and the coach body was articulated midway along its length so that the front part pivoted. He also applied himself to improving vehicles for railways, which were developing rapidly then.
    In 1843 he opened his own engineering works, Fairfield Works in north London (he was not related to his contemporary William Adams, who was appointed Locomotive Superintendent to the North London Railway in 1854). In 1847 he and James Samuel, Engineer to the Eastern Counties Railway, built for that line a small steam inspection car, the Express, which was light enough to be lifted off the track. The following year Adams built a broad-gauge steam railcar, the Fairfield, for the Bristol \& Exeter Railway at the insistance of the line's Engineer, C.H.Gregory: self-propelled and passenger-carrying, this was the first railcar. Adams developed the concept further into a light locomotive that could haul two or three separate carriages, and light locomotives built both by his own firm and by other noted builders came into vogue for a decade or more.
    In 1847 Adams also built eight-wheeled coaches for the Eastern Counties Railway that were larger and more spacious than most others of the day: each in effect comprised two four-wheeled coaches articulated together, with wheels that were allowed limited side-play. He also realized the necessity for improvements to railway track, the weakest point of which was the joints between the rails, whose adjoining ends were normally held in common chairs. Adams invented the fishplated joint, first used by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1849 and subsequently used almost universally.
    Adams was a prolific inventor. Most important of his later inventions was the radial axle, which was first applied to the leading and trailing wheels of a 2–4–2 tank engine, the White Raven, built in 1863; Adams's radial axle was the forerunner of all later radial axles. However, the sprung tyres with which White Raven was also fitted (an elastic steel hoop was interposed between wheel centre and tyre) were not perpetuated. His inventiveness was not restricted to engineering: in matters of dress, his adoption, perhaps invention, of the turn-down collar at a time when men conventionally wore standup collars had lasting effect.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Adams took out some thirty five British patents, including one for the fishplate in 1847. He wrote copiously, as journalist and author: his most important book was English Pleasure Carriages (1837), a detailed description of coachbuilding, together with ideas for railway vehicles and track. The 1971 reprint (Bath: Adams \& Dart) has a biographical introduction by Jack Simmons.
    Further Reading
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 1. See also England, George.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Adams, William Bridges

  • 9 Adamson, Daniel

    [br]
    b. 1818 Shildon, Co. Durham, England
    d. January 1890 Didsbury, Manchester, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, pioneer in the use of steel for boilers, which enabled higher pressures to be introduced; pioneer in the use of triple-and quadruple-expansion mill engines.
    [br]
    Adamson was apprenticed between 1835 and 1841 to Timothy Hackworth, then Locomotive Superintendent on the Stockton \& Darlington Railway. After this he was appointed Draughtsman, then Superintendent Engineer, at that railway's locomotive works until in 1847 he became Manager of Shildon Works. In 1850 he resigned and moved to act as General Manager of Heaton Foundry, Stockport. In the following year he commenced business on his own at Newton Moor Iron Works near Manchester, where he built up his business as an iron-founder and boilermaker. By 1872 this works had become too small and he moved to a 4 acre (1.6 hectare) site at Hyde Junction, Dukinfield. There he employed 600 men making steel boilers, heavy machinery including mill engines fitted with the American Wheelock valve gear, hydraulic plant and general millwrighting. His success was based on his early recognition of the importance of using high-pressure steam and steel instead of wrought iron. In 1852 he patented his type of flanged seam for the firetubes of Lancashire boilers, which prevented these tubes cracking through expansion. In 1862 he patented the fabrication of boilers by drilling rivet holes instead of punching them and also by drilling the holes through two plates held together in their assembly positions. He had started to use steel for some boilers he made for railway locomotives in 1857, and in 1860, only four years after Bessemer's patent, he built six mill engine boilers from steel for Platt Bros, Oldham. He solved the problems of using this new material, and by his death had made c.2,800 steel boilers with pressures up to 250 psi (17.6 kg/cm2).
    He was a pioneer in the general introduction of steel and in 1863–4 was a partner in establishing the Yorkshire Iron and Steel Works at Penistone. This was the first works to depend entirely upon Bessemer steel for engineering purposes and was later sold at a large profit to Charles Cammell \& Co., Sheffield. When he started this works, he also patented improvements both to the Bessemer converters and to the engines which provided their blast. In 1870 he helped to turn Lincolnshire into an important ironmaking area by erecting the North Lincolnshire Ironworks. He was also a shareholder in ironworks in South Wales and Cumberland.
    He contributed to the development of the stationary steam engine, for as early as 1855 he built one to run with a pressure of 150 psi (10.5 kg/cm) that worked quite satisfactorily. He reheated the steam between the cylinders of compound engines and then in 1861–2 patented a triple-expansion engine, followed in 1873 by a quadruple-expansion one to further economize steam. In 1858 he developed improved machinery for testing tensile strength and compressive resistance of materials, and in the same year patents for hydraulic lifting jacks and riveting machines were obtained.
    He was a founding member of the Iron and Steel Institute and became its President in 1888 when it visited Manchester. The previous year he had been President of the Institution of Civil Engineers when he was presented with the Bessemer Gold Medal. He was a constant contributor at the meetings of these associations as well as those of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He did not live to see the opening of one of his final achievements, the Manchester Ship Canal. He was the one man who, by his indomitable energy and skill at public speaking, roused the enthusiasm of the people in Manchester for this project and he made it a really practical proposition in the face of strong opposition.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1887.
    President, Iron and Steel Institute 1888. Institution of Civil Engineers Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, Engineer 69:56.
    Obituary, Engineering 49:66–8.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides an illustration of Adamson's flanged seam for boilers).
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (covers the development of the triple-expansion engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Adamson, Daniel

  • 10 Bell, Henry

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1767 Torphichen Mill, near Linlithgow, Scotland
    d. 1830 Helensburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish projector of the first steamboat service in Europe.
    [br]
    The son of Patrick Bell, a millwright, Henry had two sisters and an elder brother and was educated at the village school. When he was 9 years old Henry was sent to lodge in Falkirk with an uncle and aunt of his mother's so that he could attend the school there. At the age of 12 he left school and agreed to become a mason with a relative. In 1783, after only three years, he was bound apprentice to his Uncle Henry, a millwright at Jay Mill. He stayed there for a further three years and then, in 1786, joined the firm of Shaw \& Hart, shipbuilders of Borrowstoneness. These were to be the builders of William Symington's hull for the Charlotte Dundas. He also spent twelve months with Mr James Inglis, an engineer of Bellshill, Lanarkshire, and then went to London to gain experience, working for the famous John Rennie for some eighteen months. By 1790 he was back in Glasgow, and a year later he took a partner, James Paterson, into his new business of builder and contractor, based in the Trongate. He later referred to himself as "architect", and his partnership with Paterson lasted seven years. He is said to have invented a discharging machine for calico printing, as well as a steam dredger for clearing the River Clyde.
    The Baths Hotel was opened in Helensburgh in 1808, with the hotel-keeper, who was also the first provost of the town, being none other than Henry Bell. It has been suggested that Bell was also the builder of the hotel and this seems very likely. Bell installed a steam engine for pumping sea water out of the Clyde and into the baths, and at first ran a coach service to bring customers from Glasgow three days a week. The driver was his brother Tom. The coach was replaced by the Comet steamboat in 1812.
    While Henry was busy with his provost's duties and making arrangements for the building of his steamboat, his wife Margaret, née Young, whom he married in March 1794, occupied herself with the management of the Baths Hotel. Bell did not himself manufacture, but supervised the work of experts: John and Charles Wood of Port Glasgow, builders of the 43ft 6 in. (13.25 m)-long hull of the Comet; David Napier of Howard Street Foundry for the boiler and other castings; and John Robertson of Dempster Street, who had previously supplied a small engine for pumping water to the baths at the hotel in Helensburgh, for the 3 hp engine. The first trials of the finished ship were held on 24 July 1812, when she was launched from Wood's yard. A regular service was advertised in the Glasgow Chronicle on 5 August and was the first in Europe, preceded only by that of Robert Fulton in the USA. The Comet continued to run until 1820, when it was wrecked.
    Bell received little reward for his promotion of steam navigation, merely small pensions from the Clyde trustees and others. He was buried at the parish church of Rhu.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Edward Morris, 1844, Life of Henry Bell.
    Henry Bell, 1813, Applying Steam Engines to Vessels.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bell, Henry

  • 11 Brown, Joseph Rogers

    [br]
    b. 26 January 1810 Warren, Rhode Island, USA
    d. 23 July 1876 Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, USA
    [br]
    American machine-tool builder and co-founder of Brown \& Sharpe.
    [br]
    Joseph Rogers Brown was the eldest son of David Brown, who was modestly established as a maker of and dealer in clocks and watches. Joseph assisted his father during school vacations and at the age of 17 left to obtain training as a machinist. In 1829 he joined his father in the manufacture of tower clocks at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and two years later went into business for himself in Pawtucket making lathes and small tools. In 1833 he rejoined his father in Providence, Rhode Island, as a partner in the manufacture of docks, watches and surveying and mathematical instruments. David Brown retired in 1841.
    J.R.Brown invented and built in 1850 a linear dividing engine which was the first automatic machine for graduating rules in the United States. In 1851 he brought out the vernier calliper, the first application of a vernier scale in a workshop measuring tool. Lucian Sharpe was taken into partnership in 1853 and the firm became J.R.Brown \& Sharpe; in 1868 the firm was incorporated as the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company.
    In 1855 Brown invented a precision gear-cutting machine to make clock gears. The firm obtained in 1861 a contract to make Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machines and gave up the manufacture of clocks. At about this time F.W. Howe of the Providence Tool Company arranged for Brown \& Sharpe to make a turret lathe required for the manufacture of muskets. This was basically Howe's design, but Brown added a few features, and it was the first machine tool built for sale by the Brown \& Sharpe Company. It was followed in 1862 by the universal milling machine invented by Brown initially for making twist drills. Particularly for cutting gear teeth, Brown invented in 1864 a formed milling cutter which could be sharpened without changing its profile. In 1867 the need for an instrument for checking the thickness of sheet material became apparent, and in August of that year J.R.Brown and L.Sharpe visited the Paris Exhibition and saw a micrometer calliper invented by Jean Laurent Palmer in 1848. They recognized its possibilities and with a few developments marketed it as a convenient, hand-held measuring instrument. Grinding lathes were made by Brown \& Sharpe in the early 1860s, and from 1868 a universal grinding machine was developed, with the first one being completed in 1876. The patent for this machine was granted after Brown's sudden death while on holiday.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (further details of Brown \& Sharpe Company and their products).
    R.S.Woodbury, 1958, History of the Gear-Cutting Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press ——, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
    ——, 1960, History of the Milling Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Brown, Joseph Rogers

  • 12 Caird, Sir James

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 2 January 1864 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 27 September 1954 Wimbledon, London, England
    [br]
    Scottish shipowner and shipbuilder.
    [br]
    James Caird was educated at Glasgow Academy. While the connections are difficult to unravel, it is clear he was related to the Cairds of Greenock, whose shipyard on the Clyde built countless liners for the P \& O Company, and to the Caird family who were munificent benefactors of Dundee and the Church of Scotland.
    In 1878 Caird joined a firm of East India Merchants in Glasgow, but later went to London. In 1890 he entered the service of Turnbull, Martin \& Co., managers of the Scottish Shire Line of Steamers; he quickly rose to become Manager, and by 1903 he was the sole partner and owner. In this role his business skill became apparent, as he pioneered (along with the Houlder and Federal Lines) refrigerated shipping connections between the United Kingdom and Australia and New Zealand. In 1917 he sold his shipping interests to Messrs Cayzer Irvine, managers of the Clan Line.
    During the First World War, Caird set up a new shipyard on the River Wye at Chepstow in Wales. Registered in April 1916, the Standard Shipbuilding and Engineering Company took over an existing shipbuilder in an area not threatened by enemy attacks. The purpose of the yard was rapid building of standardized merchant ships during a period when heavy losses were being sustained because of German U-boat attacks. Caird was appointed Chairman, a post he held until the yard came under full government control later in the war. The shipyard did not meet the high expectations of the time, but it did pioneer standard shipbuilding which was later successful in the USA, the UK and Japan.
    Caird's greatest work may have been the service he gave to the councils which helped form the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich. He used all his endeavours to ensure the successful launch of the world's greatest maritime museum; he persuaded friends to donate, the Government to transfer artefacts and records, and he gave of his wealth to purchase works of art for the nation. Prior to his death he endowed the Museum with £1.25 million, a massive sum for the 1930s, and this (the Caird Fund) is administered to this day by the Trustees of Greenwich.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Baronet 1928 (with the title Sir James Caird of Glenfarquhar).
    Further Reading
    Frank C.Bowen, 1950, "The Chepstow Yards and a costly venture in government shipbuilding", Shipbuilding and Shipping Record (14 December).
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Caird, Sir James

  • 13 Haddy, Arthur Charles

    [br]
    b. 16 May 1906 Newbury, Berkshire, England
    d. December 1989
    [br]
    English electronics engineer who developed Full Frequency Range Recording for the Decca Record Company and was instrumental in the development of stereo records.
    [br]
    He developed recording equipment for. the Crystallate Gramophone Company, becoming Chief Recording Engineer at Decca when Crystallate was taken over. Eventually he was made Technical Director of Decca Record Company Ltd, a position he held until 1980. The developments of good cutterheads accelerated due to contract work for the armed services during the Second World War, because an extended frequency range was needed. This necessitated the solution of the problem of surface noise, and the result became known publicly as the ffrr system. The experience gained enabled Haddy to pioneer European Long Play recording. Haddy started development of a practical stereo record system within the Decca group, and for economic reasons he eventually chose a solution developed outside his direct surveillance by Teldec. The foresight of Decca made the company an equal partner in the standards discussions during the late 1950s, when it was decided to use the American 45/45 system, which utilized the two side walls of the groove. The same foresight had led Decca to record their repertoire in stereo from 1954 in order to prepare for any commercialized distribution system. In 1967 Haddy also became responsible for cassette manufacture, which meant organizing the logistics of a tape-duplication plant.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1976.
    Bibliography
    Haddy's patents are a good description of some of his technical achievements; for example: UK patent no. 770,465 (greater playing time from a record by changing the groove pitch); UK patent no. 807,301 (using feedback to linearize a cutterhead); UK patent no. 810,106 (two-channel by simultaneous vertical and lateral modulation).
    Further Reading
    G.A.Briggs (ed.), 1961, Audio Biographies, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 157–63. H.E.Roys, "The coming of stereo", Jour. AES 25 (10/11):824–7 (an appreciation of Haddy's role in the standardization of stereo recording).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Haddy, Arthur Charles

  • 14 Lobnitz, Frederick

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 7 September 1863 Renfrew, Scotland
    d. 7 December 1932 Crookston, Renfrewshire, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish shipbuilder, expert in dredge technology.
    [br]
    Lobnitz was the son of Henry Christian Lobnitz. His father was born in Denmark in 1831, and had worked for some years in both England and Scotland before becoming a naturalized British subject. Ultimately Henry joined the Clyde shipyard of James Henderson \& Son and worked there until his death, by which time he was sole proprietor and the yard was called Lobnitz \& Co. By this time the shipyard was the acknowledged world leader in rock-cutting machinery.
    Frederick was given the opportunity to travel in Europe during the late 1870s and early 1880s. He studied at Bonn, Heidelberg and at the Zurich Polytechnic, and also served an apprenticeship at the Fairfield Shipyard of John Elder \& Co. of Glasgow. One of his first tasks was to supervise the construction and commissioning of a subaqueous rock excavator, and then he was asked to direct rock excavations at the Suez Canal.
    In 1888 Frederick Lobnitz was made a partner of the company by his father and was to remain with them until his death, at which time he was Chairman. By this time the shipyard was a private limited company and had continued to enhance its name in the specialized field of dredging. At that time the two greatest dredge builders in the world (and deadly rivals) were situated next to each other on the banks of the Clyde at Renfrew; in 1957 they merged as Simons-Lobnitz Ltd. In 1915 Lobnitz was appointed Deputy Director for Munitions in Scotland and one year later he became Director, a post he held until 1919. Having investigated the running of munitions factories in France, he released scarce labour for the war effort by staffing the plants under his control with female and unskilled labour.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1920. Officier de la Légion d'honneur.
    Further Reading
    Fred M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde. A History of Clyde Shipbuilding Cambridge: PSL.
    Lobnitz \& Co., n.d., Romance of Dredging.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Lobnitz, Frederick

  • 15 Massey, Daniel

    [br]
    b. 1798 Vermont, USA
    d. 1856 Canada
    [br]
    American agricultural machinery manufacturer and co-founder of the Massey Harris Company (now Massey Ferguson).
    [br]
    In about 1800 Daniel Massey's family moved to Upper Canada. At the age of 6 he was sent back to stay with his grandparents in Waterton, USA, where he attended school for three years. He returned to his parents in 1807, and for the next twelve years he remained on his father's farm.
    At the age of 19 he forfeited his rights to his inheritance and rented land further west, which he began to clear. By the age of 21 he owned 200 acres, and during the next twelve years he bought, cleared and sold a further 1,200 acres. In 1820 he married Lucina Bradley from Water-town and returned with her to Canada.
    In 1830 he decided to settle down to farming and brought one of the first US threshing machines into Canada. From frequent visits to his family in the US he would return with new farm equipment, and in 1844 he handed his farm over to his eldest son so that he could concentrate on the development of his farm workshop. In 1845 he formed a brief partnership with R.F.Vaughan, who owned a small factory in Durham County near Lake Ontario. He began the production of ploughs, harrows, scufflers and rollers at a time when the Canadian Government was imposing heavy import duties on agricultural equipment being brought in from the USA. His business flourished and within six months he bought out his partner.
    In 1848 he bought another foundry in Newcastle, together with 50 acres of land, and in 1851 his son Hart joined him in the business. The following year Hart returned from the USA with the sole rights to manufacture the Ketchum mower and the Burrell reaper.
    The advent of the railway four years later opened up wider markets, and from these beginnings the Massey Company was to represent Canada at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. The European market was secured by the successes of the Massey reaper in the "World" trials held in France in 1889. Two years later the company merged with the Harris Company of Canada, to become the Massey Harris Company. Daniel Massey retired from the company four years after his son joined it, and he died the following year.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Graeme Quick and Wesley Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of harvest machinery development, in which Massey Harris played a vital role).
    Merrill Denison, 1949, Harvest Triumphant: The Story of Massey Harris, London.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Massey, Daniel

  • 16 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 17 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

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